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Abstract
The International Association for the Study of Pain and the World Health Organization have added a new diagnosis, chronic primary pain, and a new pain mechanism, nociplastic pain, to physicians' vocabularies. This new concept explains many pain presentations that have lacked a method of classification. The implications of this new concept regarding treatment options and for determining maximum medical improvement and permanent impairment are evolving. Incorporating the chronic primary pain diagnosis and the nociplastic pain mechanism into practice will require planning and action by physicians. In this article, the history of these terms and their applicability for the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment and related publications will be discussed.
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Hamad AF, Vasylkiv V, Yan L. Mapping the three versions of the International Classification of Diseases to categories of chronic conditions. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2021;6(1):1406. doi: 10.23889/ijpds.v6i1.1406.
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World Health Organization. ICD-11: International Classification of Disease 11th Revision (The global standard for diagnostic health information). Accessed January 23, 2023. https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.
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Finnerup NB, Haroutoumian S, Kamerman P, et al. Neuropathic pain: an updated grading system for research and clinical practice. Pain. 2016;157(8):1599-1606. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000492.
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Bolton D, Gillett G. The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease: New Philosophical and Scientific Developments. Palgrave Macmillan (Springer Nature Switzerland AG); 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11899-0.
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Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H, et al. The development and psychometric validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Pract. 2012;12(4):276-285. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x.
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Nicholas M, Vlaeyen JWS, Rief V, et al. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic primary pain. Pain. 2019;160:28-37. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001390.
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PubMed search results. Accessed October 19, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ term=nociplastic+painandsort=.
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Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, et al. Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021;397:2098-2110. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00392-5.
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Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, et al. Low back pain. Lancet. 2021;398:78-92. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00733-9.
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Mikulasch FA, Rudelt L, Priesemann V. Local dentritic balance enables learning of efficient representations in networks of spiking neurons. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2021:118(50):e2021925118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2021925118.
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Fields RD. The brain learns in unexpected ways. Sci Am. 2020;322 (3):74-79.
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Zador AM. A critique of pure learning and what artificial neural networks can learn from animal brains. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3770. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11786-6.
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Denève S, Alemi A, Bourdoukan R. The brain as an efficient and robust adaptive learner. Neuron. 2017;94:969-977. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.016.
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Freynhagen R, Parada HA, Calderon-Ospina A, et al. Current understanding of the mixed pain concept: a brief narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(6):1011-1018. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1552042.
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Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. 2016 revisions to the 2010/2011 Fibromyalgia Diagnostic Criteria. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46:319-329. Accessed January 23, 2023. https://www.fai2r.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Anx_tuto_fibromyalgie_FAI2R-wolfe2016.pdf.
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Shraim MA, et al. Systematic review and synthesis of mechanism-based classification systems for pain experienced in the musculoskeletal system. Clin J Pain. 2020;36(10):793-812. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000860.
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Schuttert I, Timmerman H, Peterson KK, et al. The definition, assessment, and prevalence of (human assumed) central sensitization in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2021;10:5931. doi: 10.3390/jcm10245931.
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