Given the increase in psychiatric occupational disability claims over the past 20 years, better patient psychiatric assessment and management is critical. To minimize iatrogenic psychiatric disability and maximize positive outcomes, it is important to understand the issues involved and establish better procedures for diagnosing conditions and assessing any associated impact on function. This second article in a three-part series focuses on ways to improve the diagnosis and assessment of mental health work disability.
Craddock N, Mynors-Wallis L. Psychiatric diagnosis: impersonal, imperfect and important. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:93–95. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133090.
Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168–176.
Rubenzer S. Malingering of psychiatric problems, brain damage, chronic pain, and controversial syndromes in a personal injury context. FDCC Quarterly. Summer 2006:499–508.
Ditton M. Employment and mental illness. In: L'Abate L. Mental Illnesses–Understanding, Prediction and Control. InTechOpen; 2011:293–340.
Paris J. Fads and Fallacies in Psychiatry. RCPsych Publications; 2013.
Paris J. The Intelligent Clinician's Guide to the DSM-5. Oxford University Press; 2015.
Paris J. Overdiagnosis in Psychiatry: How Modern Psychiatry Lost Its Way While Creating a Diagnosis for Almost All of Life's Misfortunes. Oxford University Press; 2015.
Frances A. The past, present and future of psychiatric diagnosis. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):111–112. doi:10.1002/wps.20027.
Frances A. Saving Normal: An Insider's Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life. William Morrow; 2013:336.
Wakefield JC. Diagnostic issues and controversies in DSM-5: return of the false positives problem. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12: 105–132. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112800.
Rait G, Walters K, Griffin M, et al. Recent trends in the incidence of recorded depression in primary care. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(6):520–524. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058636.
Stover, B, Wickizer T, Zimmerman F, et al. Prognostic factors of long-term disability in a workers' compensation system. J Occup Environ Med. 2007; 49(1):31–40. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000250491.37986.b6.
Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168–176.
ADA National Network. Mental health conditions in the workplace and the ADA. 2018. Accessed Jan 8, 2021. https://adata.org/factsheet/health.
Mental Health America. The State of Mental Health in America 2020. Alexandria, VA: MHA; 2019. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://mhanational.org/sites/default/files/State%20of%20Mental%20Health%20in%20America%20-%202020_0.pdf.
Statistics Canada. Canadian community health survey (CCHS) – mental health, 2012. 2013. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=119789.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability and Health Data System (DHDS). Updated May 24, 2018. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. http://dhds.cdc.gov.
Merikangas KR, Ames M, Cui L, et al. The impact of comorbidity of mental and physical conditions on role disability in the US adult household population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(10):1180–1188. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1180.
Sartorius N. Comorbidity of mental and physical diseases: a main challenge for medicine of the 21st century. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(2):68–69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.02.002.
Jo?e-Walt C. Unfit for work: the startling rise of disability in America. National Public Radio (NPR). 2013. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://apps.npr.org/unfit-for-work/.
Congressional Research Service. Trends in social security disability insurance enrollment. November 30, 2018. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45419.pdf.
OECD. Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers. OECD Publishing; 2010. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/sickness-disability-and-work-breaking-the-barriers_9789264088856-en#page1.
O’Fallon E, Hillson S. Physician discomfort and variability with disability assessments. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(9):852–854. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0177.x.
Maness DL, Khan M. Disability evaluations: more than completing a form. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(2):102–109.
Melhorn JM, Talmage JB, Ackerman WE, et al. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2013.
Genovese E, Galper JS, eds. Guide to the Evaluation of Functional Ability. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2010.
Sohail Z, Bailey RK, Richie W. How to evaluate disability. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:54. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00054.
Anfang SA, Gold LH, Meyer DJ. AAPL Practice resource for the forensic evaluation of psychiatric disability. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2018; 46(1 supplement):S2–S47.
Bachman M, de Boer W, Schandelmaier S, et al. Use of a structured functional evaluation process for independent medical evaluations of claimants presenting with disabling mental illness: rationale and design for a multi-center reliability study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:271. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0967-6.
PLOS Medicine Editors. The paradox of mental health: over-treatment and under-recognition. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001456. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001456.
Kiessling A, Arrelöv B. Sickness certification as a complex professional and collaborative activity—a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:702. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-702.
Allen DN, Couser GP, Bostwick JM. Disability evaluation and treatment for patients with psychiatric disorders. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1766–1774. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.040.
Leclair N, Leclair S, Barth R. Assessing mental and behavioral disorder impairment: overview of the Sixth Edition approach. AMA Guides Newsletter. November/December 2008.
Russell G, Belle Brown J, Stewart M. Managing injured workers: family physicians' experiences. Can Fam Physician. 2005;51(1):78–79.
Soklaridis S, Tang G, Cartmill C, et al. “Can you go back to work?”: family physicians' experiences with assessing patients' functional ability to return to work. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57(2):202–209.
Taiwo OA, Cantley L. Impairment and disability evaluation: the role of the family physician. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77(12):1689–1693.
All Time | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 3030 | 2738 | 42 |
Full Text Views | 43 | 2 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 0 | 0 | 0 |