Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis (Part 2): Improving Diagnosis and Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Psychiatric Work Disability
Fabien Gagnon
Search for other papers by Fabien Gagnon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
and
Les Kertay
Search for other papers by Les Kertay in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Abstract

Given the increase in psychiatric occupational disability claims over the past 20 years, better patient psychiatric assessment and management is critical. To minimize iatrogenic psychiatric disability and maximize positive outcomes, it is important to understand the issues involved and establish better procedures for diagnosing conditions and assessing any associated impact on function. This second article in a three-part series focuses on ways to improve the diagnosis and assessment of mental health work disability.

  • 1.

    Craddock N, Mynors-Wallis L. Psychiatric diagnosis: impersonal, imperfect and important. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:9395. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133090.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168176.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Rubenzer S. Malingering of psychiatric problems, brain damage, chronic pain, and controversial syndromes in a personal injury context. FDCC Quarterly. Summer 2006:499508.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Ditton M. Employment and mental illness. In: L'Abate L. Mental Illnesses–Understanding, Prediction and Control. InTechOpen; 2011:293340.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Paris J. Fads and Fallacies in Psychiatry. RCPsych Publications; 2013.

  • 6.

    Paris J. The Intelligent Clinician's Guide to the DSM-5. Oxford University Press; 2015.

  • 7.

    Paris J. Overdiagnosis in Psychiatry: How Modern Psychiatry Lost Its Way While Creating a Diagnosis for Almost All of Life's Misfortunes. Oxford University Press; 2015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Frances A. The past, present and future of psychiatric diagnosis. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):111112. doi:10.1002/wps.20027.

  • 9.

    Frances A. Saving Normal: An Insider's Revolt Against Out-of-Control Psychiatric Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life. William Morrow; 2013:336.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Wakefield JC. Diagnostic issues and controversies in DSM-5: return of the false positives problem. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12: 105132. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112800.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Rait G, Walters K, Griffin M, et al. Recent trends in the incidence of recorded depression in primary care. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(6):520524. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058636.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Stover, B, Wickizer T, Zimmerman F, et al. Prognostic factors of long-term disability in a workers' compensation system. J Occup Environ Med. 2007; 49(1):3140. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000250491.37986.b6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry. 2007;6(3):168176.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    ADA National Network. Mental health conditions in the workplace and the ADA. 2018. Accessed Jan 8, 2021. https://adata.org/factsheet/health.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Mental Health America. The State of Mental Health in America 2020. Alexandria, VA: MHA; 2019. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://mhanational.org/sites/default/files/State%20of%20Mental%20Health%20in%20America%20-%202020_0.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Statistics Canada. Canadian community health survey (CCHS) – mental health, 2012. 2013. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=119789.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability and Health Data System (DHDS). Updated May 24, 2018. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. http://dhds.cdc.gov.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Merikangas KR, Ames M, Cui L, et al. The impact of comorbidity of mental and physical conditions on role disability in the US adult household population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(10):11801188. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1180.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Sartorius N. Comorbidity of mental and physical diseases: a main challenge for medicine of the 21st century. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(2):6869. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.02.002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Jo?e-Walt C. Unfit for work: the startling rise of disability in America. National Public Radio (NPR). 2013. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://apps.npr.org/unfit-for-work/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Congressional Research Service. Trends in social security disability insurance enrollment. November 30, 2018. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45419.pdf.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    OECD. Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers. OECD Publishing; 2010. Accessed Aug 20, 2021. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/sickness-disability-and-work-breaking-the-barriers_9789264088856-en#page1.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    O’Fallon E, Hillson S. Physician discomfort and variability with disability assessments. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(9):852854. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0177.x.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Maness DL, Khan M. Disability evaluations: more than completing a form. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(2):102109.

  • 25.

    Melhorn JM, Talmage JB, Ackerman WE, et al. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Genovese E, Galper JS, eds. Guide to the Evaluation of Functional Ability. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2010.

  • 27.

    Sohail Z, Bailey RK, Richie W. How to evaluate disability. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:54. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00054.

  • 28.

    Anfang SA, Gold LH, Meyer DJ. AAPL Practice resource for the forensic evaluation of psychiatric disability. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2018; 46(1 supplement):S2S47.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Bachman M, de Boer W, Schandelmaier S, et al. Use of a structured functional evaluation process for independent medical evaluations of claimants presenting with disabling mental illness: rationale and design for a multi-center reliability study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:271. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0967-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    PLOS Medicine Editors. The paradox of mental health: over-treatment and under-recognition. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001456. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001456.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Kiessling A, Arrelöv B. Sickness certification as a complex professional and collaborative activity—a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:702. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-702.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Allen DN, Couser GP, Bostwick JM. Disability evaluation and treatment for patients with psychiatric disorders. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):17661774. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.040.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Leclair N, Leclair S, Barth R. Assessing mental and behavioral disorder impairment: overview of the Sixth Edition approach. AMA Guides Newsletter. November/December 2008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Russell G, Belle Brown J, Stewart M. Managing injured workers: family physicians' experiences. Can Fam Physician. 2005;51(1):7879.

  • 35.

    Soklaridis S, Tang G, Cartmill C, et al. “Can you go back to work?”: family physicians' experiences with assessing patients' functional ability to return to work. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57(2):202209.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Taiwo OA, Cantley L. Impairment and disability evaluation: the role of the family physician. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 77(12):16891693.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 3030 2738 42
Full Text Views 43 2 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0
Save